Top 15 adversarial spelling techniques used by scammers and spammers

Written by: Alex Turner

Seattle, WA | 6/5/2024

Scammers and spammers employ a myriad of sophisticated techniques to obscure the true nature of their content, evading detection and circumventing content filters with alarming dexterity. From subtle alterations like typos and accentuated characters to more complex tactics such as homoglyph substitution and synonym variation, these nefarious actors continuously adapt their strategies to bypass automated moderation systems. By exploiting the inherent limitations of algorithmic detection and human perception, they aim to disseminate fraudulent schemes, malicious links, and prohibited content with impunity. Understanding the breadth and ingenuity of these evasion tactics is crucial in the ongoing battle against online deception and abuse.

Accented Characters

Accented characters, such as é, ñ, ü, and å, are often utilized to bypass content filters designed to block certain words or phrases. By replacing standard characters with their accented counterparts, users can obscure the true nature of the text from automated detection systems. For example, the word “password” might be transformed into “pässwörd” to evade filters that would normally flag it. This technique exploits the limitations of many filtering algorithms that do not account for such variations in character sets, thereby allowing restricted content to slip through unnoticed. The use of accented characters in this manner highlights the ongoing challenges in developing robust content moderation tools that can effectively handle the diverse ways in which text can be manipulated.

Case variation

Case variation is a common technique used to bypass content filters by altering the capitalization pattern of text in a way that can deceive automated systems while remaining legible to humans. This method leverages the fact that many filters are designed to recognize specific strings in a predefined case, such as all lowercase or uppercase. By interspersing different cases—such as “hELlo WoRLd” instead of “hello world”—the text can evade detection by simple keyword matching algorithms. Additionally, similar techniques include the use of accented characters (e.g., replacing ‘a’ with ‘á’ or ‘e’ with ‘é’), which can further obscure the intended message from filters while preserving its readability for human readers. These tactics exploit the limitations of content filters that rely on straightforward pattern recognition, highlighting the need for more sophisticated approaches to detect and mitigate such evasion strategies.

Character swapping

Character swapping is a technique used to bypass content filters by altering the appearance of restricted words without changing their meaning. This method involves replacing certain letters with visually similar or contextually recognizable substitutes. For example, the letter “a” might be replaced with ”@”, “i” with “1”, or “e” with “3”. Such substitutions can confuse automated filtering systems designed to block specific keywords or phrases, allowing the altered text to evade detection. Despite these modifications, human readers can often still understand the intended message, while the filtering algorithms, which rely on strict pattern recognition, fail to identify the prohibited content. This makes character swapping an effective strategy for circumventing content restrictions imposed by various platforms and software.

Concatenation

Concatenation, the process of removing spaces between words, is a common technique employed to bypass content filters. Content filters are designed to detect and block inappropriate or restricted content by analyzing the text for specific keywords or patterns. By concatenating words, users can obfuscate these keywords, making it difficult for the filter algorithms to recognize them. For instance, the phrase “forbiddenword” might be undetected if split into “for bidden word” and then concatenated into “forbiddenword.” This method exploits the limitations of basic text recognition algorithms, which often rely on whitespace to identify distinct terms, thereby allowing potentially harmful or restricted content to evade detection and reach its intended audience.

Foreign language (translating banned words)

Using foreign language translations to bypass content filters is a tactic employed by individuals aiming to circumvent restrictions on certain banned words or phrases. This method leverages the fact that many content filtering systems are primarily designed to recognize and block specific terms in a particular language, often English. By translating these terms into another language, users can effectively evade detection, as the filters may not be configured to identify the same prohibited content across multiple languages. This approach can be particularly effective in multilingual online environments where automated moderation systems struggle to maintain comprehensive and nuanced linguistic databases. Consequently, it highlights the ongoing challenges in digital content moderation and the need for more sophisticated, multilingual filtering mechanisms to address such evasive tactics.

Homoglyph Substitution

Homoglyph substitution is a technique used to bypass content filters by replacing characters in a word with visually similar characters, or “homoglyphs,” from different scripts. For instance, the letter “o” in the word “hello” might be replaced with a Cyrillic “о” (Unicode U+043E), which looks identical to the Latin “o” but has a different underlying code point. This method exploits the limitations of content filters that rely on pattern matching and character recognition, allowing potentially harmful or prohibited content to evade detection. Homoglyph substitution can be particularly challenging for filters to catch because it requires sophisticated text normalization and script detection mechanisms to accurately identify and decode these substitutions.

Invisible characters

Invisible characters, also known as zero-width characters, are often used to bypass content filters and detection systems. These characters, such as the zero-width space (U+200B), zero-width non-joiner (U+200C), and zero-width joiner (U+200D), do not display any visible glyph when rendered, making them effectively invisible in the text. By inserting these characters into words or phrases, users can obscure the true content from automated filtering systems, which may not recognize the altered string as a match for restricted keywords or phrases. This technique is commonly exploited in various online platforms to evade moderation, circumvent censorship, or spread prohibited content without detection. Despite their invisibility to the human eye, these characters can disrupt the integrity of content monitoring systems, posing significant challenges for maintaining safe and compliant digital environments.

Keyboard layout swap

A keyboard layout swap is a technique used to bypass content filters by changing the standard keyboard layout to a different one, such as switching from QWERTY to Dvorak or AZERTY. This method exploits the fact that many content filters and monitoring systems are designed to recognize and block certain keywords typed on a standard keyboard. By altering the layout, the same keystrokes produce different characters, rendering the filters unable to detect prohibited terms. For instance, a user might configure their keyboard to an alternative layout and type normally, but the resultant text appears garbled or in an unexpected format to the filtering software, effectively circumventing the restrictions. This tactic requires a good understanding of both keyboard configurations and the specific content filters in place, making it a somewhat sophisticated approach to evading digital censorship.

Leetspeak

Leetspeak, also known as “leet” or “1337,” is a form of online communication that involves replacing letters with numbers or special characters. Originally developed by hackers and gamers in the 1980s and 1990s, leetspeak was primarily used as a way to bypass content filters and censorship mechanisms. Its popularity surged in online gaming communities and forums, where users sought to express themselves in unique ways or maintain a sense of exclusivity.

The substitution patterns in leetspeak are fairly consistent, with certain letters being replaced by corresponding numbers or symbols that resemble them visually. For example:

  • “E” might be replaced by “3” or ”€"
  • "A” might be replaced by “4” or ”@"
  • "S” might be replaced by “5” or ”$"
  • "T” might be replaced by “7” or ”+"
  • "O” might be replaced by “0” or “Ø"
  • "L” might be replaced by “1” or ”|“

By utilizing these substitutions, words and phrases can be disguised to evade automated filters designed to block or censor certain content. For instance, the word “elite” could be written as “3l1t3” or “31337,” making it more difficult for filters to detect and block.

Leetspeak has also evolved beyond simple character substitutions, incorporating additional techniques such as deliberate misspellings, intentional grammatical errors, and creative spacing. This further complicates the task of content filtering and adds an element of linguistic playfulness to online communication.

While leetspeak originated as a means of subverting content filters and maintaining a sense of community among tech-savvy individuals, it has since permeated mainstream internet culture. Many people use leetspeak casually in online conversations, social media posts, and usernames, often as a way to express individuality or nostalgia for internet subcultures of the past.

Despite its widespread use, leetspeak remains a divisive phenomenon, with some viewing it as an innovative form of linguistic creativity and others dismissing it as juvenile or difficult to decipher. Nevertheless, its influence on internet culture is undeniable, and it continues to shape the way people communicate online in both playful and practical ways.

Phonetic variation

Phonetic variation is a linguistic phenomenon wherein speakers or writers intentionally alter the spelling or pronunciation of words to achieve specific effects. One common application of phonetic variation is to bypass content filters, particularly in digital communication platforms or online forums where certain words or phrases may be restricted or flagged for moderation.

One example of phonetic variation used to bypass content filters is the repetition of letters. By repeating certain letters within a word, individuals can circumvent automated detection systems that are programmed to identify and filter out specific terms. For instance, instead of writing “hello,” a person might write “helllo” or “hellloooo.” This slight alteration may seem innocuous to human readers but can effectively evade automated censorship algorithms.

Another tactic involves replacing certain letters or letter combinations with phonetically similar ones. For instance, the letter “f” might be replaced with “ph,” as in “phriend” instead of “friend” or “phat” instead of “fat.” This substitution maintains the pronunciation of the word while changing its spelling to evade content filters.

Additionally, individuals may employ homophones, which are words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings, to bypass content filters. For example, instead of typing “meet,” someone might write “meat,” or instead of “right,” they might use “write.” This strategy relies on the similarity in pronunciation between the substituted word and the original word to convey the intended message without triggering censorship mechanisms.

Furthermore, creative misspellings or intentional misspellings of words can also be used to evade content filters. By purposefully altering the spelling of a word, individuals can obscure its meaning while retaining its pronunciation. For instance, “kewl” instead of “cool” or “wut” instead of “what” are common examples of this technique.

It’s worth noting that while phonetic variation can be effective in bypassing content filters, it may also hinder readability and comprehension, particularly for those unfamiliar with the specific variations used. Additionally, platforms continually update their algorithms to detect and prevent such tactics, so what may work as a workaround today may not be effective tomorrow. Therefore, individuals employing phonetic variation should be aware of the evolving nature of content moderation systems and adapt their strategies accordingly.

Punctuation insertion

Punctuation insertion, also known as punctuation manipulation or obfuscation, is a technique employed to bypass content filters, especially in digital communication platforms. It involves strategically inserting punctuation marks within words to alter their appearance or meaning, making it difficult for automated systems to detect and filter out prohibited content. While the primary intention behind this practice can vary from harmless fun to more nefarious activities like bypassing censorship or spreading malicious content, it underscores the constant cat-and-mouse game between content creators and platform moderators.

One of the simplest forms of punctuation insertion involves adding periods within words to break them up. For instance, the word “example” can be obfuscated as “ex.ample” or “e.x.a.m.p.l.e.” This subtle alteration makes it challenging for automated filters to recognize the original word, allowing users to convey their message without triggering censorship mechanisms.

Similarly, dashes can be strategically inserted within words to achieve the same effect. For example, “content” could be rendered as “con-tent” or “c-o-n-t-e-n-t.” This method not only disrupts the flow of the word but also hampers the effectiveness of content filters.

Beyond basic punctuation manipulation, more sophisticated techniques involve using a combination of punctuation marks to obscure words or phrases. For instance, users might employ a mix of periods, dashes, and underscores to disguise profanity or sensitive information. For example, “sh*t” could be transformed into “s.h.i.t” or “s-h-i-t,” making it harder for automated filters to flag the content.

Another common tactic involves substituting letters with visually similar punctuation marks. For instance, the letter “o” could be replaced with a zero (“0”), or the letter “l” with a vertical bar (”|”). This not only alters the appearance of words but also confuses content filtering algorithms.

While punctuation insertion can be used innocuously for creative expression or humor, it also presents challenges for platform moderators tasked with maintaining a safe and inclusive online environment. Constantly evolving tactics require continuous updates to content filtering algorithms to stay ahead of those seeking to circumvent them.

Moreover, punctuation insertion underscores broader debates surrounding online censorship, freedom of expression, and the responsibility of platform providers to regulate content. While platforms have a duty to protect users from harmful or inappropriate content, overly aggressive filtering can inadvertently stifle legitimate discourse and creative expression.

In conclusion, punctuation insertion serves as a clever yet contentious method for bypassing content filters in digital communication. Whether used for harmless wordplay or more malicious purposes, its prevalence highlights the ongoing struggle between content creators and platform moderators in the ever-evolving landscape of online communication.

Space insertion

The practice of circumventing content filters through subtle alterations like extra space insertion, also known as “whitespace trickery,” is a technique employed in various online platforms to evade automated moderation systems. This method capitalizes on the fact that automated filters typically scan for specific keywords or patterns within text, often ignoring insignificant alterations like additional spaces or invisible characters.

The insertion of extra spaces can subtly modify the appearance of text while preserving its meaning, making it harder for automated systems to detect and flag prohibited content. While seemingly innocuous, these small alterations can render keywords unrecognizable to filters, allowing content that would otherwise be blocked or flagged to pass through undetected.

Examples of whitespace trickery include:

Profanity Filter Bypass: In online forums or chat platforms with profanity filters, users might insert additional spaces between letters of a profane word (e.g., "f u c k" instead of "fuck") to avoid detection.

URL Blocking: Some platforms automatically block URLs containing certain keywords. By adding extra spaces within the URL (e.g., "example .com" instead of "example.com"), users can share links without triggering the filter.

Substring variation

Substring variation is a technique employed to circumvent content filters by incorporating banned words within longer, permissible terms. For instance, replacing the banned word “ass” with “cassette” or “passenger” allows users to convey the intended message without triggering filters. Similarly, substituting “sex” with “Essex” or “sexton” disguises the prohibited term within a seemingly innocuous context, enabling individuals to discuss sensitive topics covertly. This method relies on the strategic placement of banned words within larger strings to evade detection by automated censorship mechanisms.

Synonym substitution

Synonym substitution is a method employed to circumvent content filters by replacing banned or flagged words or phrases with their synonyms, maintaining the intended meaning while avoiding detection. For instance, in discussions related to substance abuse, “drugs” might be swapped with “substances” or “narcotics.” Similarly, in sensitive political contexts, “protest” could be substituted with “demonstration” or “rally.” By employing this tactic, individuals seek to navigate around automated or manual content moderation systems, allowing them to convey their messages without triggering censorship measures.

Typos

Typos, often unwittingly encountered nuisances, can occasionally serve as inadvertent allies to circumvent content filters, inadvertently slipping through the digital gatekeepers. These minor textual errors, though typically viewed as mere hiccups in communication, can inadvertently subvert automated detection systems, allowing unintended content to proliferate. For instance, in an attempt to bypass a filter targeting the term “gambling,” one might innocently type “gambing” or “gamlbing,” exploiting the proximity of keys on a keyboard to evade detection. Similarly, a filter screening for “profanity” could be outwitted by the subtle alteration of words like “b***h” instead of the intended term. While such tactics may seem innocuous, they underscore the ongoing challenge of maintaining robust content moderation protocols in an increasingly interconnected digital landscape.

Conclusion

In conclusion, as scammers and spammers persistently evolve their tactics to obscure content through techniques like homoglyph substitution, concatenation, and adversarial spelling, it becomes imperative for platforms like Moderate Mate to deploy advanced strategies for content moderation. Leveraging a combination of keyword matching and machine learning models, Moderate Mate employs a proactive approach to detect and counteract such attacks. By continuously refining its algorithms and staying ahead of emerging evasion tactics, Moderate Mate ensures a safer and more trustworthy environment for its users, safeguarding against the proliferation of harmful or misleading content across its platform.